The layers!! And the Jejunum, Duodenum, and Ileum.

The gastro-intestinal tract contains four main layers, the mucosa, the submucosa, muscularis and serosa. The innermost of these four layers is the mucosa, it is made of simple epithelium. The function of the epithelium lining is to be protective and/or able to absorb materials. The submucosa is made of dense irregular tissue containing blood vessels, and sometimes lymph nodes can be found at this layer, can be found between the mucosa and the muscularis. The muscularis itself has two layers, one is longitudinal (outer layer) and circular is the other.(inner layer) It consists of smooth muscle in most of the digestive tract.

The Duodenum, is the site where food breakdown occurs, while it passes through it. The duedenum is responsible for secreting hormones that trigger the pancreatic duct to release pancreatic juice and bile. It also helps protect the rest of the small intestine by neutralizing the chyme to some extent before it passes into the jejunum.

The Jejunum, it is part of the small intestine. It is located between the duodenum and the ileum. Containing great surface area, including folds, villi, and microvilli on top of the villi! Enzyme secretion and digestion , started in the stomach, continue here, with the absorption of glucose and amino acids begin.

The Ileum is located just before the Large intestine. Digestion is mostly completed before this point, but absorption into the blood continues here. It mainly absorbs B12 and bile salts.

I can relate this lesson to another family experience, my dad had to have some sort of surgery to stitch up a portion of his duodenum. I think it might of had something to Acid Reflux. I might be wrong, he also had to have something done to his esophagus.

digestionnn!

The digestive system is made up of what we call a tract! Going from your oral cavity all the way through the body exiting at the anal canal. The organs that make up the tract include; the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small+large intestine, colon, anus.. But these organs have a cool lining called the mucosa. The mucosa contains little teeny glands that make juice to help digest food, these glands can be found in the stomach, mouth, and small intestine. Also containing layers of smooth muscle helping to breakdown food and keeps it moving along. The top dogs, the liver and the pancreas also produce special juices that go to the intestines that reach them through ducts!

The gallbladder stores the liver's digestive juices until it's needed in the intestine. While I'm talking about the gallbladder, I am goign to tell a quick story. It must have been a month ago by now, but I was visiting a friend home from college. Her mother had just had surgery, and we were helping in anyway we could. Terri, Amy's mom sent us to the grocery store, picked up everything needed for dinner, she was so appreciative she invited me to stay for dinner. Amy and I prepared the meal, organic carrots, organic potatoes, leanist steak I have ever eaten, water for a beverage. I mean every bit I put into my body was healthy! About two hours after the delicious meal we had completed, I felt a severe pain in the middle of my chest..I had never felt this horrible sensation before. It was so bad I knew I needed to take a trip to the emergency room. Sitting anxiously in the waiting area for close to an hour in a half, I started to feel sick. Not from the pain, but an up set belly ache. I tried to say something to Amy, but before I could I lost my cookies. Feeling a little bit better, and the pain almost gone by the time the nurses got me into the ER, the signs and symptoms sound like a Gallbladder attack. And I needed to get an Ultrasound immediately, the results from the the US stated I had many little tiny stones blocking the ducts, causing the terrible pain I felt. Now I am scheduled for a removal of my gallbladder May 29. I'm quite scared, I am only 19 years old. The doctor says it should be an easy procedure, and I will most likely be able to go home later that day, depending on how I feel.

InFlAmMaTiOn!

What is painful, red, hot, and begins to swell? That is inflammation! Inflammtion occurs when tissues are injured by bacteria or viruses. The damaged tissue releases chemicals including histamine and kinins, these chemicals casue blood vessels to leak fluid into the tissues causing swelling.

The chemicals attract white blood cells called phagocytes that "eat" microorganisms (dead or damaged cells) These phagocytes will eventually die. ) Vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels. 2) Phagocytes go from teh bllod into the interstitial fluid 3) Tissue Repair.

The immune response is how your body recognizes and defends itseld against viruses and diseases that appear forgien and harmful to the body. Antigens are molecules on the surface of cells, viruses, and bacteria. The immune system recognizes and destroy the substances that contain these antigens. In my body, and yours, we have protiens in our antigens. Our immune system learns to read and recognize these special antigens as "normal".

My dad's mother, Nellie. Never exercised properly, smoke cigarettes, and always had troubles since Icould remember with her legs and ankles swelling. She didn't really have any lesions, but I suppose she could of without me even knowing. Does smoking and not exercise have to do with excess swelling? My guess is yes but I am not completely sure.

Circulatory System

As we learned in class, there is an average of 5 liters of blood circulating throughout our vody at all times. The heart, lungs, and blood vessels work as one. The heart forces the blood to begin it's journey though the body. The circulatory system has three different parts, pulmonary, coronary, and systemic circulation. Pulmonary=lungs, Coronary=heart, and the rest of the system=Systemic. Each part is needed in order for the entire bodies systems to work all together.

It transports nutrients, oxygen, and water to the body cells, carries away waste. Learning the heart beats about 3 billion times throughout a person's life. Also we learned how important it really is to exercise, eat healthy, and not to smoke. Exercising on a regular basis, keeps the body moving and allows the blood to pump constantly.

Did you know about half the blood is made of Plasma, I didn't until I read over in information. Plasma carries blood cells and other components throughout the body. It's also made in teh Liver.

It seems as if the Liver is a major organ, which no doubt it is. But, id reminds me of last summer when i woke up at 6 am to a horrible side pain. I couldn't breathe it was so intense! I arrived at the hospital to have the doctors load me up on pain meds, and some to find out, had a kidney stone..at the age of 18!! Isn't that a bit young??

Good ole Hormones!

Hormone's are the bodies chemical messangers! They travel through our wonderful bloodstream to organs as well as tissues. Mostly they work slowly over a perois of time, while doing many things such as, controling sexual function, mood, reproduction, growth and development, and last but not least the metabolism. (energy from foods we eat.)
Our magnificant endocrine glands make these special hormones. The big endocrine glands include the thymus, pituitary, adrenal, pineal, pancreas, and throid. Men are in the testes and the women are in the ovaries.

In the cell or even the entire body, hormones use just a tiny amount while the changes are HUGE, meaning too much or even too little in these changes throughout the body can be considered life threatening and quite serious. The two main types are steroid and proteins. Proteins are hydrophilic, they bind to receptors on the surface of a target cell. While the steroid's are hydrophobic, these serve as receptors.

We can't forget that hormones begin to regulate homeostasis.

I can remember back in the 6th or 7th grade, when the hormones were going crazy! Never knowing what to expect. If it was going to be a good day, or one of those dreadful bad..down in the dumps' day. Thank goodness these hormones took bit of a vacation for a while..or I should say, the hormones are under control.

Practice of our last essay question.

2nd messanger Systems.
Hormones are stopped at cell membranes (plasma) needs message passed. In order to generate a cytoplasmic molecular messanger, protein activates a target protein. The cAMP is a collection of protiens associated with innerface has a bilayer and a cell membrane. It is in close contact with a receptor molecule.

Contains three sublayers and Alfa subunit, Beta, and Gamma. The change in G protiens, as they bind to receptors, causes a shape change (in the receptor) The alfa subunit is then released. Against the membrane makes contact with gaint enzyme. (protien to protien) Causing emzymes to change shape, scooping up ATP and rips off. Leaving a monophosphate, is released into cytoplasm.

I was extremely glad, I thought I needed an little extra help to understand this topic. The more I write this down the better I seem to understand it.

Eye, the good ole eye!

Different parts and peices of the eye!
Cornea-the clear portion of the eye, it's dome shaped. No blood vessels in the eye, it is normally clear and has a shiny surface. The cornea is extremely sensitive - there are more nerve endings in the cornea than anywhere else in the body. The sclera-is the mainly white part. Six tiny muscles connect to it around the eye and control the eye's movements. When you get older, the white starts to turn yellow in color. The retina is a multi-layered sensory tissue that lines the back of the eye.

Parasympathetic involves the cranial nerve number 3, they contract all at once. The sympathetic uses norepinephrin as the diameter increases.

The best way to taake car of your eyes, are to make annual eye appointments. I beleive its about every 6 monthes or once a year. Depends on your condition. When i was in the 8th grade it was my first time getting advised to get glasses, so I could be able to see better. At first I thought i was really dorky, "four eyes" I didn't want to get made fun of...but they just help people to see, as I grew older people stopped making fun of others who needed to wear them. =]

glands...after it deleted itself!!!!!!!!

There are three main pairs of Salivary Glands. Parotid, Sublingual, and Submandibular. The parotid produce a serous, watery secretion. The sublingual glands secrete a saliva that is predominantly mucous in character. The submanbile glands produce a mixed serous and mucous secrection. They are mainly located near the mouth and throat regions.

A disorder can be a bacterial or viral infection.

The salivary glands produce saliva. The spit moistens food to help with chewing and swallowing. Saliva contains enzymes to help during the digestion process. Saliva keeps the mouth moist. There are 3 pairs of salivary glands. The 2 largest are the parotid glands, 1 in each cheek over the jaw in front of the ears. Two submandibular glands are at the back of the mouth on both sides of the jaw. Two sublingual glands are under the floor of the mouth.

Especially people with diabetes, they have to carefully watch for swelling or stones forming in these glands. If the stones stay lodged in the throat they may become cancerous, if benign doctors should be able to be easily removed, if cancerous surgey is a major help.

Glands!

Cranial+ Spinal Nerves..

With a new professor, Mr. Brad Haskell. It was an adventure all right. I actually found it tough learning from a new professor who I wasn't used to his teaching and lecturing. But I followed along somewhat, and disscussed gray and white matter. The dorsal root deals with sensory, while the ventral root is motor based.
Also learned about descending is motor, and ascending is sensory. Plexus are networks of axons.
Facilius Gracilis-procioception touch/ pressure from the lower limbs. Fesciulus Cuneatus- touch/ pressure from the upper limbs. Antero-lateral Spinothalamic Tract-pain/ temperature deep pressure. Antero-lateral Cortospinal Tract- impulses to lower order neurons in the spinal cord. Ventral Arteries-arterial blood to the Circle of Willis.
In day to day life, if the Cirle of Willis is mixed up by either a blood clot, or too much blood in certain area, it's good to know the direction of travel of blood. Especially people dealing or overcoming a stroke.

The Brain

Consisting of three major "primary" regions. The first is called Proencephalon, next is the Mesencephalon, and last but not least is the Rhombencephalon. The brain along with the spinal cord are "protected" by meninges, which are three connective tissue membranes. The three layers are named Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater.
My favorite part of this lesson, would be the word Medulla Oblongata! Not only does it sound cool, but it makes you sound very intelligent too! The Oblongata relays messages back and forth from the brain and the spinal cord. It is also responsible for many autonomic functions in the body, such as breathing, blood pressure, swallowing, vomiting, and/ or relexes.
I remember in high school, my anatomy teacher always said it in a funny way. Ever since then I can correctly pronounce and say Medulla Oblongata in the funnest ways!

Starting off right into Anatomy part 2

Over the first week, we learned about the Nervous System. More specifically about the axons parts and pieces. Axons line the nervous system. They are longs fibers of nerve cells that carry efferent messages. (Efferent-carries away from reference point, also deals with motor neurons. The neuron sends electrical impulses from its cell body through the axon to target cells. Each nerve cell has one axon. Also how the neurotransmitters along with receptors allow dendrites to bind with other shapes. The neurotransmitter is the chemical in the chemically regulated channels (CRC).
I always love to learn new information especially dealing with our amazing human body. Some things we learn are just incredable, for example the fight or flight response (sympathetic)when your body goes through a stressful situation. I remember a couple Christmas Eve's ago, I was at my families regular holiday shin-dig.
When all of a sudden I felt as if I couldnt breathe and they was soemthing stuck in my throat. My parents rushed me to the emergency room and later that night, I was told I would never be able to eat peanuts, peanut butter, peanut flour, nothing that involved peanuts. At the age of 17, I had become allergic to peanut products. The fight or flight really took affect that night, thank goodness!

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